Which statement best describes medication-induced depressive symptoms?

• A. Vaccines
• B. Antibiotics
• C. Steroids, beta blockers, isotretinoin, and interferons
• D. Antacids

Answer: (C)

Depression can be triggered as a side effect by several medications, and some drug classes are well known for this risk. Steroids (corticosteroids), especially at higher doses or with long use, can disrupt mood by altering the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and brain neurotransmitter activity, leading to depressive symptoms or mood instability. Isotretinoin, a retinoid used for severe acne, has a recognized association with depression and suicidality, likely related to retinoid signaling effects in the brain. Interferons, particularly interferon-alpha used for certain infections and cancers, can cause depressive symptoms through cytokine-mediated changes in brain chemistry and monoamine neurotransmission. Some beta-blockers can also contribute to depressive symptoms in susceptible individuals, especially the lipophilic ones that cross into the central nervous system. In contrast, vaccines, most antibiotics, and antacids are not classically linked to inducing depressive symptoms. Therefore, the combination of steroids, beta blockers, isotretinoin, and interferons best describes medication-induced depressive symptoms.